Age appropriate:
An example would be that it is inappropriate to use weight training for 10 year players but VITAL to train agility, balance and co-ordination.
Every age group needs specialised training for maximum benefit while minimizing the risk of injury. This needs to be carefully planned and monitored.
Every session will have fitness or physical objectives.
Specific:
To achieve the desired outcome, fitness training must be specific. Take for example aerobic conditioning. For a top soccer program the days of just running are gone. When we talk about endurance training do we mean:
a/ Aerobic low and mid intensity exercise (70-80% HRmax) to allow the body to recover from games and high load practices.
b/ Aerobic high intensity (aerobic capacity and aerobic power ~85-100% HRmax) which is essential to get the players ready to perform optimally throughout the game.
c/ Anaerobic intensity (lactic and alactic) to train our players to be able to dominate their opponents in key moments in the game, like 1v1 situations, shooting or dribbling.
All of the above physical aspects need to be trained and the intensity needs to be carefully monitored.
We do this by playing small sided games where we will employ heart rate monitors to control the intensity, and manipulate the parameters of the game (e.g. number of touches, etc) to achieve the desired outcome.